خبز التنور

من ويكيبيديا

خبر بالتنور

خبز التَنُّور، هو أحد أنواع الخبز الذي يصنع في تنور الطين وبنار الحطب أو التنوز الغازي في العصر الحديث. اشتهرت القرى والأرياف بإعداد هذا النوع من الخبز، خصوصًا في العراق وسوريا والأردن ولبنان وفلسطين ومصر وليبيا وبعض مناطق الخليج العربي، ويعد من طحين حبوب القمح الكامل مما يكسبه طعمًا مميزًا ولونًا ضاربًا للسمرة، أيضًا يمكن إعداده من خليط من طحين حبوب مختلفة مثل الذرة والشعير والشوفان وذلك حسب وفرة الموسم أو شحه.^[1]

طريقة تحضيره

تعد سيدة المنزل العجين وتتركه ليختمر فترة كافية وغالبًا ما تتم هذه المراحل في الليل ثم يخبز في التنور حتى ينضج ويكون سميكًا أكثر من خبز الشراك. وفي المناسبات الخاصة يتم تنكيه بعض الأرغفة بزيت الزيتون أو رش مسحوق بعض النباتات العطرية مثل الزعتر البري أو وضع بضع حبات من ثمرة البطم كما في سوريا حيث تنمو شجرة البطم بكثرة في جبال الساحل السوري، وفي فلسطين يسمى بخبز الطابون.

معرض صور

Tandoor bread

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Tandoor bread refers to a bread baked in a clay oven called a tandoor

History[edit]

Cooking food in a tandoor oven has been done for about five millennia. Remains of a clay oven with indication of cooked food have been excavated in the Indus River valley site of Kalibangan,^[2] and other places in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, northwest India, Iran, and Central Asia.^[3]

The English word tandoor comes from Hindi / Urdu tandūr (तन्दूर / تندور), which derives from Persian, Hebrew and Arabic tannur (تنور). According to the Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary, the Persian/Arabic word ultimately came from the Akkadian word tinūru (𒋾𒂟), which consists of the parts tin “mud” and nuro/nura “fire” and is mentioned as early as in the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh. Tandoor has been referred to as kandu in Sanskrit literature, in which tandoori parched, roasted cuisine is described as kandu pakva (roasted in a tandoor such as grains, meat etc.) along with roasting on coal which has been called angara pakva.^[4]

Tandoor ovens are not prevalent in the average Indian home because they are expensive to fabricate, install and maintain.^[5] Authentic tandoori cuisine in urban areas can often be found in specialty restaurants.^[3] However, in rural areas in India such as Punjab, the tandoor oven is considered a social institution, for a tandoor oven is shared among the community. Women would go to the oven place with atta along with their marinated meats to meet their neighbors and friends, so they could converse and share stories while waiting for their food to cook.^[6] The people in cities once engaged in this social activity, but as businesses and commercialism grew in these areas, communal tandoor ovens have become rare. Not uncommonly, people bring food to their local bakeries to cook it there at a fair price.^[3]

Because of the growing inaccessibility of a tandoor oven in urban areas, especially in cities outside of Southern Asia, people have developed ingenious techniques to replicate the cooking process and the food without the use of the oven. Common alternatives include an oven or a grill fueled by charcoal or wood so the food will be infused with the smoky flavor.^[3]

Varieties[edit]

Central Asia and Southern Europe[edit]

In Central Asia, tandyr nan (Kazakh/Kyrgyz: тандыр-нан tandır-nan, Uzbek: tandir non, Uyghur: تونۇر نان‎‎ tonur nan, Tajik: нони танурй noni tanuri) is made and eaten.

In Turkey and Azerbaijan, breads baked in tandoor are called təndir çörəyi (Azerbaijani) and tandır ekmeği (Turkish)

In Georgia and Armenia, a traditional tandoor is called a tone (Georgian: თონე) and tʿonir (Armenian: թոնիր), and the bread baked in the tone are called tonis ṗuri (Georgian: თონის პური or tʿonir hacʿ Armenian: թոնիր հաց). Canoe-shaped shoti (Georgian: შოთი) is a kind of tonis ṗuri. Lavash (Armenian: լավաշ lavaš, Georgian: ლავაში lavaši) is an unleavened variety of tandoor bread eaten in this region.

South Asia[edit]

Pakistan[edit]

In Pakistan, tandoor breads are a staple across the country. In rural areas, each home often has its own tandoor, while in urban areas commercial tandoors are available where people buy bread for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. These commercial tandoors are especially popular during summer times when high temperatures in parts of the country make cooking bread at home an unpleasant chore. These breads range from a simple Tandoori roti which is unleavened bread, to yeast based ‘Khamiri’ roti, as well as richer and more complex (yeast, milk, egg etc based) naans and ‘kulcha’ breads. ^[7]. In Pakistani Cuisine, specific types of tandoori breads are often eaten with specific foods. Some of the most popular tandoori breads include Sheermal, Taftan, Roghni Naan etc

In the Punjab region of Pakistan, a central tandoor was often a social institution where people would bring their ‘atta’ or dough to be cooked; and bartered with the baker using ‘gandum’ (Urdu: گندم‎) or wheat. In addition to savory breads, tandoors in Pakistan are also used to bake various sweet and semi-sweet breads such as Sheermal (شیر مال) and ‘qand kulcha’ (Urdu: قند کلچہ‎).

India[edit]

Tandoor breads are popular in northwestern Indian regions, especially in Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab regions, where naan breads are baked in tandoor clay ovens fired by wood or charcoal. These naans are known as tandoori naan (Gujarati: તંદૂરી નાન, Hindi: तंदूरी नान).^[8] Tandoor ovens are not prevalent in the average Indian home because they are expensive to fabricate, install and maintain.^[9] Authentic tandoori cuisine in urban areas can often be found in specialty restaurants.^[3] However, in rural areas in India such as Punjab, the tandoor oven is considered a social institution, for a tandoor oven is shared among the community. Women would go to the oven place with atta along with their marinated meats to meet their neighbors and friends, so they could converse and share stories while waiting for their food to cook.^[10] The people in cities once engaged in this social activity, but as businesses and commercialism grew in these areas, communal tandoor ovens have become rare. Not uncommonly, people bring food to their local bakeries to cook it there at a fair price.^[3]

Because of the growing inaccessibility of a tandoor oven in urban areas, especially in cities outside of Southern Asia, people have developed ingenious techniques to replicate the cooking process and the food without the use of the oven. Common alternatives include an oven or a grill fueled by charcoal or wood so the food will be infused with the smoky flavor.^[3]

Tandoori roti is commonly consumed in South Asian countries such as Pakistan and India^[11] This bread is served in restaurants, hotels, industrial canteens and at home. It is also gaining popularity in Asia, North America (outside of the Caribbean) and Europe due to migrants during British colonalism.^[12]

West Asia[edit]

Preparation of khubz tannur in Bahrain

In Iran, tandoor breads are known as nân-e-tanūri (Persian: نان تنوری‎‎). Varieties include nân-e barbari (Persian: نان بربری‎), tâftun (تافتون), and shirmal (شیرمال‎).

The Arabic name for tandoor bread is ḵubz al-tannūr (bread of the tannur Arabic: خبز التنور‎). In some places where it is especially common, such as Iraq, it may be called simply khubz (bread).^[13] It is similar to, or in some cases the same as, taboon bread.

Caribbean[edit]

Tandoor bread is found in Caribbean countries such as Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.^[14][15]

Physical and chemical composition[edit]

Aroma, smell, appearance, color, size and overall texture are the general characteristics that are optimized by producers of tandoor bread.^[12] The texture and quality of tandoor bread are determined by the percentage of wheat protein, the number of essential amino acids and type of flour present in the bread.^[16][17] Various studies have demonstrated that the chemical and biochemical composition of flours affects the flour’s ability to interact with the other ingredients in tandoor bread.^[12][16]

Response surface methodology is a process which allows for development of palatable tandoor breads that have a long shelf life and contain minimal amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may pose health hazards.^[18] For optimal sensory and chemical stability of tandoor bread, the water level is 720 milliliters per kilogram, protein concentrations range from 10.3% to 11.5%, between 1.2 and 1.6% salt is added, and the bread is baked in temperatures ranging from 330 to 450 °C.^[11]